تعداد صفحه : 30Supplementary Cementing Materials Introduction Fly ash, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, silica fume, and natural pozzolans, such as calcined shale, calcined clay or metakaolin, are materials that, when used in conjunction with Portland or blended cement, contribute to the properties of the hardened concrete through hydraulic or pozzolanic activity or both. These materials are also generally categorized as supplementary cementing materials (SCMs) or mineral ...